Peer Pressure - Think of the Kids - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1762 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/05/31 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Peer Pressure Essay Did you like this example? You are lying down in an alleyway with your back against the brick wall of the local fast food restaurant. You do not have a sort of possessions except the rugged clothes on you and the almost-empty 1.75 liter bottle of Bacardi white rum resting in your right hand. Your mind is just one big swirl, and you decide to chug the last few sips down because you have nothing else better to do. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Peer Pressure Think of the Kids" essay for you Create order You ask yourself, how did I end up here? Then, it all comes back. If only I didnt listen to my teammates telling me to drink that beer at the graduation party. Then I wouldnt have been arrested and kicked out of college. The reason for the downfall of this simulation is a common issue that many Americans ranging from the early years of high school all the way to the later years of collegiate students: peer pressure. Many students going through these years have experienced peer pressure, but they do not recall being forced to do anything. Let us put ourselves in the shoes of these said students going through this terrible process and take a look at what peer pressure actually is, the causes and effects of peer pressure concerning alcohol towards these students, and how to resist the urge to conform to this overall horribly persuasive period. What is peer pressure? It is simply thought of as the influence of a social group on an individual. The overall concept of peer pressure can determine what kind of music one listens to, how he or she dresses, and even what activities he or she partake in (Health of Children). Peer pressure can be found throughout many different types of groups, such as older or younger kids, parents, and teachers. However, the most common group that creates the most dangerous area of peer pressure comes from people that are the same age as the so-called victim. Not only can oners social group or authoritative figures bring about peer pressure, but the environment in which one is raised in can trigger a particular situation for peer pressure to arise. Knowing about peer pressure and understanding the sources in which it can occur may help others realize the situations where peer pressure happens in the students lives. One main environmental source to look at when dealing with peer pressure can be a hierarchical group that the student attends school with. This can just be considered as the popular group that the student wants to be a part of. So, he or she will want to do anything possible to be amongst this elite group, and this said group may take advantage of the situation and make the person do what they want, such as consume alcohol. As stated in Holly Karakosrs article Positive Peer Support or Negative Peer Influence? The Role of Peers Among Adolescents in Recovery High Schools, she states that peers are often highly influential in convincing one another to try alcohol, tobacco, or other drugs for the first time. This case can occur because of one central idea that most students have dealt with in their lives: fitting in with the crowd. This example is a common belief throughout a most of high schoolers that want to feel higher up the social class than what they are in at that moment. Now, another cause of peer pressure can be due to environmental situations creating scenarios of potential peer pressure problems. According to PhD professor of Coastal Carolina University Michael Dunn, research has found that the more risk factors an adolescent has (e.g., poor family communication, peer pressure, lack of family support) the likelihood increases of being involved in risk behaviors such as substance use (Effects of Youth Assets on Adolescent Alcohol, Tobacco, Marijuana Use, and Sexual Behavior). If a student goes through a traumatic experience, such as a parental divorce, neglect from loved ones, or exclusion from society, then they are potentially more susceptible to peer pressure and to drink more. For example, if a student goes through parental neglect, that studentrs mindset will to try to gain any attention, either positive or negative, from the parents. Therefore, the student is at greater risk of peer pressure to drink if the opportunity arises to acquire any attention at all. Being peer pressured to drink and accepting the offer can lead to devastating circumstances. A study was conducted by Catalina Arata to demonstrate the importance of both parent and peer variables in adolescent substance use and highlight the negative consequences of drinking reported by high school students (HIGH SCHOOL DRINKING AND ITS CONSEQUENCES.). Nine hundred and thirty students were surveyed on their own experiences of alcohol, how the peers and parents affected them, and the negative effects of their times spent consuming alcohol. These are the results from the experiment: Two-fifths of males and one-fifth of females reported frequent problem (binge) drinking. Problem drinkers reported more negative consequences associated with drinking. In addition, problem drinkers reported greater susceptibility to peer pressure, perceived their peers as drinking more, and reported less parental monitoring and more use of alcohol by parents. The results demonstrate the importance of both parent and peer variables in adolescent substance use and highlight the negative consequences of drinking reported by high school students. (Arata) This study portrays how the involvement of parents and others play a role in the consumption of alcohol. The use of peer pressure in consumption of alcohol can also lead to a change in a studentrs psychological thought process as well. Alyssa Damm writes in her article Negative Effects of Peer Pressure in High School of how peer pressure in high school is both harmful and effective because it can lead to teen depression, high stress levels, negative behavior issues, and poor decision-making and outcomes. Depression can lead to oners dependency on alcohol and substance abuse later on in life. Stress may cause a student to need an outlet and if put in the wrong place at the wrong time, then someone can offer the student a drink and will possibly lead to underage drinking. Being peer pressured into drinking alcohol affects oners decision making by twisting the conscience into thinking what was wrong before is now right, leading to new, immoral thoughts and thought processes. Alcohol is able to precisely manipulate the the mind into whatever it wants the student to think about. Statistical analysis has been done on the effects of alcoholic peer pressure an what happens to said students. Research was done by Matt Gonzales who wrote an article titled Peer Pressure and Alcohol. He states that, a report by the National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University found 75 percent of surveyed teens feel encouraged to drink after seeing photographs of peers partying on social media (Gonzales). This is a staggering amount of teenagers that are wanting to do drugs just to fit in and feel cool. Around 60 percent of college students had drank alcohol in the past month and most of them were from house parties or bars, where it is more common to find peer pressure (Gonzales). A psychology professor from Florida Atlantic University named Brett Laursen has studied the issue for a while. He found that children with few friends are likely to be swayed by peer pressure. He says boys generally want to impress groups while girls aim to impress particular ind ividuals (Gonzales). Peer pressure is so common throughout these students lives with multiple sources to influence them. Resisting peer pressure can be very difficult if a student does not know how to respond in social interactions the more preferred way, with making a socially acceptable excuse being one of the main resources to use. By using the right type of excuse, it avoids one needing to drink any type of alcohol without ruining the overall, fun mood of the scenario. In Dominic Conroy and Richard de Visserrs article titled Being a non-drinking student: An interpretative phenomenological analysis, a study was done by the University of Sussex in the United Kingdom using two subjects, named Paul and Andy, to use excuses in certain environments to avoid being peer pressured into drinking. In one scenario, Andy had met some new people that were playing some type of drinking game. He did not want to participate, but he knew that he could not just come out and say that. He would have been made fun of and ruined the mood. Instead, he stated that he cant drink because [he is] taking antibiotics (Conroy an d de Visser). Andy demonstrated that using a socially acceptable excuse can be effective when avoiding this type of situation. Finding someone to ask for help about how to deal with peer pressure scenarios is another fantastic option with a student battling with these issues, and the number one person to talk to about these situations is the school counselor. Counselors are hired to help students with any obstacles going on in their lives, whether it be academic, athletic, or social issues. In a peer- reviewed article titled Using the Solving Problems Together Psychoeducational Group Counseling Model as an Intervention for Negative Peer Pressure, an experiment was conducted using a counselling group called Solving Problems Together (SPT) to help students going through negative peer pressure situations. They created help sessions for students to find new ways to avoid these types of problems. Here are the results from the study: Professional school counselors can play a vital role in helping these students succeed by helping student examine current peer relationships and teaching them appropriate strategies for responding to negative peer pressure situations. Through small group counseling, the school counselor can help students develop the knowledge, skills, and attitudes needed to positively reject or avoid peer pressure. (Hall et al.) Having a counselor to confide in can be a tremendous option in a studentrs battle with peer pressure. No one should be alone when going through situations like this. Now, the alleyway that you once were lying in is beginning to fade, until you snap back into reality and realize that it was all a dream. There is no bottle of Bacardi, no rugged clothes, and no sense of regret flowing through your heart. With understanding how horrible your life could be with knowing how peer pressure could affect your life so much, that college education is now viewed as way more important than potentially getting caught with a can of beer at the local frat party. Make wise, educated decisions, and do not allow peer pressure to control your future.

The Start Of The Vietnam War - 1062 Words

The â€Å"Start† of the Vietnam War The U.S. has been involved in numerous wars, but the most tragic and devastating war the U.S. has been a part of was the Vietnam War. The U.S. did not necessarily have to be involved in this war, but one certain attack that happened during this period of time during the war could have been the starting point of the United State’s involvement in the war. On August 4, 1964, war broke out between the U.S. and the North Vietnamese when the USS Maddox was attacked. Due to the attack on the USS Maddox, Congress passed the Tonkin Gulf Resolution. The attack on the Maddox may have been the official starting point of war between the U.S and North Vietnamese, and it led to many more years of war and tragedy. The Vietnam War began with the South against the North in Vietnam. The U.S. started off helping the South as allies, but soon were involved in the war against the North more than they had ever thought they would have been. On August 2, 1964 the USS Maddox was covering for the south in the international waters of the Tonkin Gulf. The North saw this and quickly reacted. They saw the U.S. as enemies and were not afraid to attack. The first attack from the North was by three torpedo boats. They were traveling at high speeds and when they were caught on radar, the Maddox knew they were not in safe territory and soon began to send many messages to their control room (Paterson). Captain of the USS Maddox, Captain Herrick, ordered gun crews to fire atShow MoreRelatedWhy Did The Vietnam War Start?1064 Words   |  5 Pagesactually happened vietnam? How did the Vietnam war start? What happen before Vietnam war? Was Vietnam a stabilize country before Vietnam war? And how did we rebuild?. All these question I’ve been wondering about my own country. Did you know that Vietnam actually had a More than 30 year of war ? Vietnam was like a warzone with an environment that smell like blood, gunpowder. 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Four years had elapsed since the start of withdrawing operation by the US battalion from Vietnam. Approximately 2.5 million Americans soldiers among them officers, counselors, nurses, physicians and other units of personnel s in the US served in the Vietnam warfare. It was time to return home though theRead MoreVietnam War Outcome Influenced by the Media1510 Words   |  7 PagesTerm 3 Paper: The Media and Vietnam War The Vietnam War was a war of mass destruction, leaving Vietnam to become bitterly divided and claiming the many lives of Vietnamese civilians as well as American soldiers. Out of all the wars in American history, the Vietnam War was the first war to be broadly televised and covered by the media. It came to be known as the first â€Å"Television War†. Journalists began to pour into Vietnam from all over the nation, to cover the lives of the American Soldiers as

The Brand Before Revitalization Free Essays

The brand before revitalization (Part A) Brand: Hui Lau Shan (Local Dessert Chain) History of Hui Lau Shan Hui Lau Shan ( ) is a famous chain of dessert shops based in Hong Kong. It specializes in dessert soups, snacks and desserts. Hui Lau Shan is well known for its use of mango in its products. We will write a custom essay sample on The Brand Before Revitalization or any similar topic only for you Order Now The first shop opened in Yuen Long, New Territories in the 1960s. It was known for its turtle jelly and herbal teas. However, Hui Lau Shan emphasizes its fruit desserts and snacks. Since the 1990s, the chain has expanded. Moreover, it has focused on the mainland market. Logo Hui Lau Shan’s logo is a letterform that is readable. The logo just is the brand`s name, Hui Lau Shan ( ). It is use of Chinese Calligraphy that can show its long history. A majority of herbal tea shops are used to use the same form to design their logo. It is costly to promote its brand because there is a heavy visual competition. On the other, the use of Chinese calligraphy may be too old fashioned for young customers. It cannot attract young guy`s attention. However, other desserts shops have realized this truth, such as Honeymoon Dessert ( ). Its logo is more fashionable and seems to be smart. Problems: 1. Use of Chinese calligraphy is old-fashioned design. 2. The logo has never had representative characteristics. Solution: 1. Using a new font style, such as Cooper Black. Cooper Black is commonplace in the food packaging and logo of some food products. It can get up customer`s appetite. 2. Designing a special symbol that is a shape of mango. It is a representation of its mango desserts. Target customers Its target customers are kids and young people who like to eat desserts. When they feel thirsty, they prefer to buy a drink, likes cool mango dessert soup. In the same case, the middle-age people and the elderly will prefer to buy a bottle of water. They don`t like the sweet taste and pay more attention to their health. The brand after revitalization (Part B) Brand: Hui Lau Shan (Local Dessert Chain) Logo and logotype: First of all, I select the use of combination mark that includes symbol and logo. The left logo (Chinese version) has a shape of mango that can gain the label effect. Everyone would realize that its mango desserts are well-known and delicious. Then, I use the font style likes Cooper Black as it is commonplace in package of food products. Since 1960† shows customers that it was a long history firm. Secondly, the right that is logotype (English version) also is two shapes of mango. It gets the label effect too. The special font style can catch young customer’s attention since it is new and unique. Taglines: The first tagline is â€Å"best mango in town† that claims that the best mango desserts are totall y in Hui Lau Shan. If you want to taste the best, you have to come to Hui Lau Shan. The second is â€Å"sweet is life† that wants to promote the dessert culture. It says that eating desserts become your custom. It may like coffee culture and become a trend. Re-positioning: In order to attract more young guys, I decided to change the old-fashioned style. I prefer to use cartoon characters in some applications, such as business card, cup, paper napkin, etc. It also determined to focus on its mango desserts (main product). The signature color is yellow that is the color of mangos. The typeface is Cooper Black. Application strategy: I am going to use the new logo and logotype in business card, cup, paper napkin and making up the stores. I also designed several mango cartoon characters. They are pretty cute and active. They contribute to a fresh and younger image, and they can attract the attention of kids. Moreover, I would promote the revitalized brand through TV advertisements, promotions. At the first day, I would put a full page advertisement in the newspapers in Hong Kong. After, we will give customers some coupons and â€Å"buy 1 get 1† promotion. Conclusion: Hui Lau Shan will become a new dessert chain and be more famous in Hong Kong. In the visible future, I can see it will be the best mango desserts store in Hong Kong. It is because it more focuses on its mango and invents many new mango desserts. It has a fresh image and become more pleasing to the eyes. It help young people to accept an old shop in Hong Kong. How to cite The Brand Before Revitalization, Essay examples

Case Study Head Injury

Question: Write about theCase Studyfor Head Injury. Answer: Introduction Mr. Tan is a 29 years old male, who has been rushed to the emergency department at 12 noon yesterday, upon experiencing a serious injury to his head, as he made an accident with a bus, while driving his car. He was unconscious, when he was brought to the emergency department of the nearby hospital. He was brought to the hospital by the road side passengers and his wife, Mrs. Tan. He was in serious condition, while brought to the emergency department, thus, immediate diagnosis was done. The bed number of the patient was not discussed. He was driving back to home from a party and was drunk, which was the predicted cause behind his accident. Diagnosis The patient had a history of hypertension and his father had also high blood pressure and diabetes. However, Mr. Tan is not diabetic, but his is overweight, having a high chance of developing obesity. He has undergone Laparoscopic gallbladder surgery with the extraction 5 gallstones from common bile duct. He has a fall history at the age of 21 with the experience of fracture of left wrist distal radius, which led to an open-reduction internal fixation surgery. However, Mr. Tan does not have any drug allergy. Thus, no specific restriction on drug or diet was required for him. His chief compliant upon this accident is a severe head injury. Head injury refers to the type of injury to brain, skull or scalp. The head injury can range from a mild bump or bruise on head to a traumatic brain injury (McCrory et al. 2012). The common head injuries involve scalp wound, skull fracture and concussions. However, the consequences of the health issue can vary greatly based on the severity of the disease as well as physical condition of the patient. The treatments also vary according to the above mentioned aspects as well as on the basis the cause of head injury. In case of Mr. Tan the key cause of his head injury is accident of his car with a bus. There are two types of head injury on the basis of cause; one is head injury due to shake or head injury due to blow. Mr. Tan caused head injury as a result of blow to head as a result of motor vehicle accident. However, his injury was severe and he undergone bleeding. Thus, the key compliant in Mr. Tans case is brain haemorrh age due to head injury. However, for assessing the presence of blood clot in brain, advance diagnosis is needed because, in many cases, severe injuries does not bleed at all, enhancing the possibility of internal clot formation, whereas in many cases, minor injuries causes rapid bleeding, reducing the chance of internal clot formation. Thus, X-ray and imaging is required as the diagnosis tools for assessing, whether there is internal or bleeding in Mr. Tans case (Hilario et al. 2012). When he was brought to the hospital, he was bleeding and unconscious. Social History/ Background Mr. Tan works in a IT software development company from last 3 years. He has married Mrs. Tan in last year and lives with his parents and wife in a 3 room flat, at 4th floor of an apartment. The socioeconomic condition of Mr. Tan is stable. He is good in sports, i.e. basket ball and swimming. However, Mr. Tan used to live a harsh life; he smokes 20 cigarettes per day and drinks 25 unit alcohols per week. He is not involved in regular physical activity. He is also not involved in any social activities. Overall Examination After bringing him at the emergency department of the hospital, the person unconscious and A-E assessment was done for assessing his vital signs and a holistic assessment. Airway- Tans airways were clear upon admission and no airway obstruction was noted in his case. Breathing- His respiratory rate was 32 per minute, which his more than the normal rate of respiratory rate. The oxygen saturation was 89 %, which is also less than the normal range. At this time, oxygen is not needed, but in case of further deterioration, oxygen supply would be needed (intermark et al. 2015) Circulation- Tan was looking pale, when he was brought to the hospital. The capillary filling time or CRT was 4 second, which is suggesting poor peripheral perfusion. The pulse rate was also low, i.e. 26 bpm, showing the sign of hypothermia. His blood pressure was low, i.e. 100/60 mmHg, indicating the tendency towards shock. Disability- When the patient was brought to the hospital, he was unconscious, he revived after 2 hours; he was feeling pain throughout his body, but no significant disability was shown. He was unable to walk initially, due to pain. Blood glucose level was checked, which was 130 mg/dl on random testing, which is in normal range (Barkhoudarian et al. 2011). Exposure- As a result of accident, he got scratches and deep scars over his arms. Moreover, he had a significant head injury with bleeding. Based on the assessment, some immediate lab tests were performed; these included neurological examination, CBC, a CT scan, MRI and X-ray. The neurological examination involved Glasgow coma scale, which was 8 in case of Mr. Tan. Management of Patient To manage the patient with proper care plan, a systematic approach would be undertaken. The systematic planning would begin with the in-depth assessment of the patient, based on which the care plan will be planned and implemented for the patient. Finally, the success of the care plan would be evaluated through the patients health outcomes. Assessment Signs and Symptoms Upon admission, Mr. Tan was unconscious and revived after 2 hours. Initially, he was experiencing a severe headache and nausea. He has been vomited 5 times since yesterday midnight. In addition, he was having abnormal eye movement and coordination problem. Moreover, his headache was worsening continuously (Silver et al. 2011). When assessed for neurological functionality, he was unable to recall 3 out of 5 objects. Pathophysiology He was diagnosed with a head injury, which can be of two types, one is hematoma and the other one is haemorrhage. In case of hematoma, blood clot is found outside of the blood vessels, which can create pressure on the skull, causing unconsciousness. In contrast, haemorrhage is referred to the uncontrolled bleeding. Subarachnoid bleeding causes headaches and vomiting often. The severity of intracerebral haemorrhage is dependent upon the level of bleeding and length of bleeding. However, in case of Tan blood came out due to skull fracture (Blennow et al. 2012). Thus, Tans brain injury can be classified as the primary injury or traumatic brain injury (TBI). The traumatic brain injurys physical mechanisms are classified in different categories, one is impact loading, which refers to the collision of head with a solid object at a tangible speed, whereas the impulsive loading refers to sudden motion without significant physical contact; on the other hand, static leading is referred to the loading, where the effect of speed of occurrence might not be significant. Tan has cerebral edema, as a result of tissue perfusion and intracranial haemorrhages, i.e. subarachnoid haemorrhage (Carlson et al. 2011). The primary injury caused by accident or fall, through a biochemical cascade leads to the secondary injury, thereby worsening the brain damage caused by primary injury. Due to the inflammation of brain tissue or swelling, the rise of intracranial pressure occurs. The worsening of primary injury and other factors may lead to change in the flow of blood to brain and hypoxia, i.e. insufficient oxygen to brain. Ischemia is the result of enhanced intracranial pressure. Too much pressure within the skull can lead to brain death. Course of Treatment The course of treatment is referred to the systematic integration of medical activities for patients recovery in a step-by-step manner. Initial step after his transfer to emergency room in hospital would be oxygen pump, vital sign assessment, pain medication, pressure and pulse rate control, bleeding control and initial wound management. Based on diagnostic results, brain surgery, wound management, coma recovery program, extended care program and inpatient rehabilitation program would be suggested (Carlson et al.2011). After noticing significant improvement, community support services and occupational therapy would also be involved. Nursing Care Needs The key nursing care needs for Mr. Tan is as follows: Wound management Monitoring patients vital sign Pain management Reducing of intracerebral pressure Patients consciousness and disability monitoring Elevate head of bed to 30 degrees Diagnosis Results Based on the initial assessment of the patient some key diagnostic tests were done for Mr. Tan, the result of which is as follows: CGS- 8 X-ray- skull fracture, CT scan- Brain swelling, Blood clots at 3 internal sites of brain, subarachnoid haemorrhage MRI- More detailed results confirming the results of CT scan, worsening of primary injury CBC- Abnormal RBC count and less haemoglobin Factors Affecting Patients Ability to Meet Needs There are several factors, which can affect the ability of the patient to meet his needs. These are: Patients adherence to therapeutics Wound infection and swelling Inappropriate monitoring Miscommunication Misinterpretation of diagnosis Negligence Lack of therapeutic alliance and support Multiple TBIs Inappropriate quality of care Lack of family support Patients at Risk for Complication Key risk factors of Mr. Tan are listed below: Brain infection Coma Fatal consequences Paralysis Loss of memory Planning Objectives Patients recovery Wound management Pain management Control patients vital signs Successful elimination of haemorrhage in brain Improving his lifestyle Expected Outcomes Reduced pain Reduced inflammation or swelling of brain tissue Elimination of blood clot and successful rehabilitation of patient Improved blood pressure, pulse rate and heart rate Improved coordination and social involvement Absence of disability Improved lifestyle Early Discharge Planning Patient will be released upon meeting expected treatment goals and recovery Follow up sessions would be discussed Key vital signs will be measured before release Social support and ambulatory support will be arranged if required Implementation Care Plan Initial step towards Tans care plan is management of airway and circulation. He was provided with oxygen accordingly. Following stabilization, the next concern is towards prevention of secondary injury, by keeping mean arterial pressure above 90 mmHg and CT scan In the next step, with sterilized process, wound is cleaned and protected from infection by bandage In next part, urgent attention would be towards the reduction of intracranial pressure, for this intravenous mannitol, hyperventilation and CSF drainage would be used In the next step, ICP control is suggested for diminishing the chance of mortality High dose barbiturate therapy would be implemented, if intracranial pressure does not respond. Appropriate ICP monitoring is suggested (Silver et al. 2011) Hypothermic therapy is the next step for reducing intracranial pressure; however, it has a risk of developing deep venous thrombosis Phenytoin is administered for controlling posttraumatic seizures To reduce pain, acetaminophen (Tylenol) is suggested rather than anti-inflammatpry drugs like aspirin (Carlson et al.2011) Surgery is not recommended for Mr. Tan to reduce intracranial pressure, as it is more applicable for patients undergoing hematoma Finally, Rehabilitation is very important for improving his daily functioning and back to normal life. Rehabilitation would also help him to motivate for improving his lifestyle by reducing smoking and alcohol consumption (Barkhoudarian et al. 2011) Strategies for Assisting Patient Empathy Moral support Strong therapeutic alliance Involvement of family and holistic care Evaluation The nursing interventions would be evaluated on the basis of patients outcomes The assessment and care plan would be documented on regular basis, from where the adherence of nursing staffs with the therapeutic procedures, would be evaluated (Barkhoudarian et al. 2011) Lack of strong therapeutic alliance and lack of family and social support would hinder the success of the care plan and recovery Conclusion Mr. Tan was assessed for a traumatic head injury after he underwent an accident of his car with a bus. The report provided his assessment and care plan along with the expected outcomes and evaluation process. From this case study, management of a critical patient and required skills has been learned. References Barkhoudarian, G., Hovda, D.A. and Giza, C.C., 2011. The molecular pathophysiology of concussive brain injury. Clinics in sports medicine, 30(1), pp.33-48. Blennow, K., Hardy, J. and Zetterberg, H., 2012. The neuropathology and neurobiology of traumatic brain injury. Neuron, 76(5), pp.886-899. Carlson, K.F., Kehle, S.M., Meis, L.A., Greer, N., MacDonald, R., Rutks, I., Sayer, N.A., Dobscha, S.K. and Wilt, T.J., 2011. Prevalence, assessment, and treatment of mild traumatic brain injury and posttraumatic stress disorder: a systematic review of the evidence. The Journal of head trauma rehabilitation, 26(2), pp.103-115. Hilario, A., Ramos, A., Millan, J.M., Salvador, E., Gmez, P.A., Cicuendez, M., Diez-Lobato, R. and Lagares, A., 2012. Severe traumatic head injury: prognostic value of brain stem injuries detected at MRI. American Journal of Neuroradiology, 33(10), pp.1925-1931. McCrory, P., Davis, G. and Makdissi, M., 2012. Second impact syndrome or cerebral swelling after sporting head injury. Current sports medicine reports, 11(1), pp.21-23. Richardson, J., 2013. Clinical and neuropsychological aspects of closed head injury. Psychology Press. Silver, J.M., McAllister, T.W. and Yudofsky, S.C., 2011. Textbook of traumatic brain injury. American Psychiatric Pub. Wintermark, M., Sanelli, P.C., Anzai, Y., Tsiouris, A.J., Whitlow, C.T. and Institute, A.H.I., 2015. Imaging evidence and recommendations for traumatic brain injury: conventional neuroimaging techniques. Journal of the American College of Radiology, 12(2), pp.e1-e14.